International Economics Essay

1. Why did the Mercantilists consider holdings of precious metals so important to nation-state building? (6 points) Wealth was viewed as synonymous with holdings of precious metals. Nation-states wished to become wealthy and this meant obtaining large holdings of precious metals. It is also argued by some that the shortage of coinage constrained the growth of these nation-sates and that precious metals were required to increase the supply of coinage (money) in order for the countries to grow. 2. Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chips with the following costs: (12 points) a. What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country? In the United States: the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips; the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef. In Germany: the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips; the opportunity cost of one  chip is 1/4 unit of beef. b. In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage? What about Germany? The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect to Germany, while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips. c. What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germany for each computer chip traded? The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germany for each unit of beef that the United States exports is: 2C < 1B < 4C d. How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef is exchanged for 3 chips? Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beef traded. 3. â€Å"If U.S. productivity growth does not keep up with that of its trading partners, the United States will quickly lose its international competitiveness and not be able to export any products, and its standard of living will fall.† Critically evaluate this statement in light of what you have learned in chapter 3 of the textbook. (10 points) This statement could be true if trade was based on absolute advantage. However, since trade can take place on the basis of comparative advantage, what counts is relative cost differences. Consequently a country can be less efficient or become less efficient in all goods and yet again from trade as long as there are relative cost differences in autarky. Thus, different rates of productivity growth may change what a country exports, but it is unlikely that it would ever take away the basis for trade, its ability to expert. 4. The following table shows the number of days of labor required to produce a unit of textiles and autos in the United Kingdom and the United States: (12 points) Textiles Autos United Kingdom 3 days 6 days United States 2 days 5 days a. Calculate the number of units of textiles and autos that can be produced from 1 day of labor in each country. In the United Kingdom one day of labor can produce 1/3 of a unit of textiles and 1/6 of a unit of automobiles. In the United States, one day of labor can produce  ½ of a unit of textiles and 1/5 of a unit of automobiles. b. Suppose that the United States has 1,000 days of labor available. Construct the production-possibilities frontier for the United States. 500 U.S c. Construct the U.S. consumption-possibilities frontier with trade if the terms of trade are 1 auto: 2 units of textiles. 500 textiles U.S d. Select a pre-trade consumption point for the United States, and indicate how trade can yield a consumption point that gives the United States greater consumption of both goods. 500 textiles U.S 5. In the previous question, suppose that the United States always wishes to consume autos and textiles at the ratio of 1 auto to 10 textiles. What quantity of each good would the United States consume in autarky? What combination would the United States consume with trade and complete specialization? What would be the gains from trade? (10 points) In autarky, the production ( and consumption ) of textiles and autos will utilize all the available 1000 days of labor. Thus, with T = number of units of textiles produced and A = number of autos produced, 1000 = ( 2 days / unit) T + (5 days / unit )A. The consumption requirement is that 10 units of textiles be consumed for every unit of automobiles. Hence, total textile production is equal to (10) ( total auto production), 10A thus, given the available labor, and substituting 10A for T, 1000 = (2)(10A) + 5 A A= 40 units If A = 40 units, then textile production and trade, textile production equal 500 units. Consumption of textiles (CT) is equal to textile production minus the textile exports used to enquire auto imports, and auto imports are equal to auto consumption (CA). With the international terms of trade of 1A:2T, auto imports = (1A/2T)(exports of textiles) = (1A/2T)*(textile production – textile consumption). By the demand assumption, consumption of auto is also equal to (1/10)(textile concumption). Hence , CA = (1/2)(500 –CT ) and CA = (1/10)(CT). Thus, (1/2)(500- CT) = (1/10)(CT) 250 – (1/2)(CT) = (1/10)(CT) 0.6CT = 250 CT = 416 2/3 units With Ct = 416 2/3 units, CA therefore equals 41 2/3 Unitts. Because of specialization and trade, the united States had gained 16 2/3 Units of textiles ( 416 2/3 – 400 ) and 1 2/3 ( 41 2/3 – 40 ) in comparison with autarky situation. Another method of arriving at these results is to utilize the equations for the PPF and for the consumption pattern. In autarky the PPF equation is T = 500 – 2  ½ A, and the consumption equation is CT = 10CA. Solving the two equations for the two unknowns yields A = CA = 40 and T = CT = 400. With  trade, the equations to be utilized are for the consumption- possibilities frontier with trade has the equation T = 500 – 2A. When this equation is put with the consumption equation CT = 10 CA and the two equation are solved for two unknowns, the equilibrium results are A = CA = 41 2/3 AND T = CT = 416 2/3

Adolescents How Society Affects Them

As we all already know that adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood, generally referring to a period ranging from age 11 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social stages, as well as biological. Because it is filled with constant changes and uncertainty, the risks of losing the sight of the right path is quite high. Let me talk about how and who affects them.As children grow, develop, and move into early adolescence, involvement with one's peers increases. In order to be included in a group of friends they are easily swayed to do something wrong.They are faced with decisions to try new things, such as drugs, changing fashion, slang words, alcohol, sex etc.   The use of drugs by teenagers is the result of a combination of factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, and availability (Cotterell, 135).   Peers are the ones who most frequently initiate one another into drug use.Family members are the most important source of peer pressure. I bel ieve family is the most influential foundation for several reasons. For one, peer pressure is encountered first at home. The mother and father play the biggest role in our lives because they teach their children right from wrong.For example, as a child my parents would always warn me about a girl whom I hung out with and lived in my neighborhood. They advised me a million times to not associate with her because they thought she was â€Å"bad news.†Similarly, religious institutions are another great source of influence. The young adults that participate in religious institutions, come from families which are not into drugs, alcohol, violence, or any sort of crime. So the effects these religious institutions have are great on young people in society.Religious adolescents can encourage one another to be successful in school, sports, and other activities. In my own past experiences when growing up, the people I have chosen as friends weren’t always the coolest, or craziest , but they were always good for their word. These types of friends are valuable for positive peer pressure and are important to keep.Friends, as it is seen, are a major source of peer pressure that one encounters when growing up. I believe from past experiences, friends have the strongest influence on us.   The effects from our friends can sometimes be really good or truly bad.If one friend brings the bottle to the hang out and tells another teen to try it because it is â€Å"so cool,† he or she will experiment with it not knowing what effects it can lead to. One of the reasons that our society finds it difficult to handle teen’s drug use is because adolescent culture does not consist of â€Å"one uniform, homogeneous group.† (Miller, 107).Teens and children are also having sex at a young age because most of their friends may be doing the same thing.   They want to fit in and be part of the â€Å"in-crowd† so they will not follow what they feel is rig ht and so they will take part in sexual behavior in order to be â€Å"cool.†Sex is just one issue that adolescents are faced with. Consumption of alcohol is another factor that can lead to bad decisions based on the friendships that they make.Choosing the friends one hangs out with can sometimes be difficult.   Even though we know what is right from wrong we still have the tendency to do the wrong thing.Even though there are a lot of negative effects from friend’s influences, there are just as many positive effects too. I believe the right friends can push one to doing the right things such as belonging to a soccer team or joining the band club.In conclusion, peer pressure is always surrounding us and affecting us. Our friends, family members, and religious institutions are the main sources in which peer pressure comes from.With the proper guidance and right choice of friends, one will not have any trouble with life’s difficult decisions, and will hopefully do the right thing when faced with difficult problems. Adolescence is a powerful time in one's life with an array of chances to ruin a bright future, so I guess forewarned is forearmed.ReferencesCotterell, John.   Social Networks and Social Influences in Adolescence.   New York:   Thomson.   1996.Miller, Michelle, Alberts, Jess, Hecht, Jess, and Robert Krizek.   Adolescent Relationships and Drug Use.   London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.   2000.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism. Retrieved from http://www.niaaa.nih.gov

An analysis of chapter five’s significance to the novel as a whole including some of the novel’s broader issues & concerns

This novel is about a boy called Alem. The book concentrates on the issues of immigration and those closely affected by it, the main character in the book is a young boy called Alem who has fled his country of origin Ethiopia because of growing tensions between Ethiopia and its neighbouring country Eritrea. Alem's mother is from Eritrea and his father is from Ethiopia and those two countries are in war that's why his family are not accepted in both countries because of Alem's mixed heritage and his families mixed marriage, they are firstly driven from their home in Ethiopia by the local police and then they face prejudice in Eritrea. His dad felt it's insecure for Alem to stay in Eritrea while the war going on between those two countries. Alem's father took him on a holiday to England but Alem is unaware of his father's plan, which is to leave Alem in England until this was is over. In their arrival in England they stay in a hotel after few days of sight seeing Alem's father leaves Alem in the hotel and go back to Eritrea. Before chapter five Alem meets Pamela and Mariam who works in the refugee council. They helped Alem to apply for asylum seekers to stay in England. Until the home office processing the asylum application, they found a children home for Alem to stay. Chapter five is one of the significant chapter in the whole novel because its shows the development of novel it builds up the tension so the readers can get excited to find out what is going to be the next step of the novel. In this chapter most of the characters are introduced. Chapter 5 begins with Alem arriving at the children's home and a description of what the place looks like and how it makes Alem feel. He is firstly introduced to a worker at the children's home named Sarah Cohen who shows him around the place informs him of the rules and regulation of the place. During the exploration of the home Alem meets another worker named Tom Whittaker and a man named Dave he notices a boy sitting by himself and is informed that this boys name is Mustafa. While he is still being showed around the place he meets his soon to be enemy Sweeney for the first time in the smoker's room. Sweeny later demands Alem to get some biscuits. When Alem refused to get biscuits for Sweeney they start arguing, Tom hears the argument and Alem explains to Tom the whole situation and then Tom makes Sweeny apologise for anti social behaviour. Alem meets his room partner called Stanley Burton who is orphan and depress in his arrival Stanley tells Alem his own story of why he's at the children's home. All the characters behaviors in the children's house show how unorganized asylum systems. However there are some people who are emotionally attach in their past for e.g. Stanley Burton is mentally ill but no one in the children's house take him seriously about the effects his having on his mind. After chapter five the story largely concentrates on Alem's struggles to familiarise him to this foreign land. He goes to the refugee camp. He gets bullied, but where he also manages to make some friends. Alem had a fight with Sweeney but makes friends with Mustafa and decides to run away from the children's home. He gets lots of support from the Refugee Council, who fined a better place for him to stay. His been fostered by a family. It was difficult for him to adjust in another house with new people but he manages to stay with them. He starts going to a school and again he face racism and bullies in school. Meanwhile the trouble in Ethiopia and Eritrea is gathering rapidity. His mums died in the war and his dad comes back to England to live with his son. Alem's get really happy and excited to have one of his family members around him. The government refused to give them permission to stay in England. After couple of weeks his father also passed way in a car accident. In my opinion Benjamin Zephaniah wrote this story in order to educate people of the growing problems of the way refuges are treated in this country. He is trying to give people an understanding of the way a young refuge might look at our country and what they might think of our customs. He is also showing that underneath skin colour, culture and customs we all think and are alike. Benjamin Zephaniah intentions and objective are to demonstrate the anguish and struggles that many asylum seekers have to go through in England. The author took ideas from many writers and books, which are related to refugees to make this book unique and special to the readers. He attempt to influence the readers with a combination of layout, emotions are raised, and guilt is created to feel sorry for Alem and it shows how to be strong when people have to deal with problematic situation that they face while they are living in a children's home. Chapter 5 is very important to the story because it shows Alem and no mater where he is aggression follows him. I felt this chapter have really emotional attach to it. Many characters are introduced in this chapter because some of the characters encouraged Alem to become a stronger person and some of the characters are shown to bully him so he can show his strength to stand up for himself. In this chapter it showed the position of each character. He learns to make a judgment on other characters. This chapter is very important because it shows how the system works and it's the beginning of all the struggles for Alem for e.g. living independently, getting bullied etc. This chapter sounds different than other chapter of the novel because its sound more dramatic, helpless, angry and showing his strength. The other sound was informative, balance and controlled. He shows responsibility, development of his knowledge by dealing with problematic situation and trying to adjust in a new environment. This chapter seems so realistic. It is a simple chapter to read because it has a good solid plot and structure of the book makes it easier to understand roles of each character. It shows how the main character of the novel starts living independently. This chapter expose Alem's character by showing amazing strength to keep standing in the toughest time while he was at the children's home for e.g. one of the boy wants him to get some biscuits but Alem replied ‘I don't want any biscuits. If you want biscuits you get them yourself'. It shows that he is not scared of anyone, he is a straightforward person who wants to stay out of trouble but he is not scared to tell the truth. The main character is Alem this is because he is someone who can be trust and empathize in the whole novel. He is the only character in the whole novel. The whole novel was written to explore this character. Alem is well presented to show his strength and weaknesses. This is a unique character because he's the refugee and all the other characters are the supporting character to help Alem to get justice. Alem is the central character in the book because the author believed that the easiest way to tell the story of a refugee would be by telling it through the eyes of Alem, this would help the audience to imagine themselves in the place of a refugee. I think that chapter 5 is a real turning point in the story because it reveals more of Alem's character then other chapters so it makes it easier for the audience to formularise themselves with Alem's character. It is an excellent topic about which to write because there are rarely books about this particular topic and I believe people should be informed. The story line is thoughtful for me and it proved to be a stimulating and moving experience. The message behind this novel was to inform people how refugees used to get treated in the past. Benjamin Zephaniah understood the character this is because he did endure racism in his childhood when he arrived from Africa. He can relate this book to his own life.

What would the impact on globalisation be if the internet collapsed Essay

What would the impact on globalisation be if the internet collapsed for a prolonged period of time - Essay Example iduals had to consume goods and services imported from other countries; globalisation in the 1990’s also improved the capability of individuals to influence political institutions both within and outside the frontiers of their own country (Bimber 2002). Several analysts claim that the Internet is a dynamic society. Probably not unexpectedly as it provided the originality of the new digital media, there is trivial agreement on the specific changes that occurred. The unparalleled technical innovations that led to the creation of the Internet have been thought about from various views and perspectives, above all by professionals such as engineers and computer scientists. However, a substantial aspect of the success of the Internet, the production and development of management, and authority arrangements that have facilitated the interconnection of geographically scattered computer units throughout the globe, is still something of an enigma (Cooke 1993). The processes that government officials, technocrats, entrepreneurs, and other elites in the area of leadership from multiple and diverse autonomous nations have been capable of influencing co-operations in an exceptional short period of time. These processes have prompted co-operation s to design and enforce policies and directive for the relatively stabilised functioning of the Internet, within intricate business-related and legal structures at the global lever are still under study (ibid). This research study aims to develop sound and well-documented answers to the possible impact of the collapse of the Internet and the affect this would have on globalisation, specifically in international politics and democracy. Several analysts have coined the term â€Å"electronic democracy† (Dimaggio 2002, 307) to imply two separate meanings. The first is the scheme and operation of digital information and communication technologies to improve democratic political means. The second is a new level of democracy, a level during

Organisational Behaviour 3 Leadership Assignment

Organisational Behaviour 3 Leadership - Assignment Example Tension exists because it is my first day at work as a manager in a new company, and Oli would be having his own apprehensions with the change. However, I have been assigned a specific task by my superiors that require cooperation and delegation to Oli, for this reason it is very important that we try to reduce tension. Oli has the type of personality that would be comfortable to accept challenges and share ideas best when he doesn’t feel tense. In this scenario, I tried to support Oli in an attempt to reduce tension and encourage Oli to share his ideas with me. The third step I took was to guide the ideas in the right direction through prioritizing, since Oli had several ideas it was important to sort them out in order of importance and urgency. I encouraged this through showing assertion and focusing on ideas that he passed through quickly like Computer Set-up and Getting Nortic cards. In conclusion I summarized all this work priorities in order of importance for him such as Coffee break , Nortic cards, computer set-up, and looking for an apartment. The key learning points for me from this scenario were that in order to get work done from my subordinates it is important that I empathize with them. I can accomplish this through reducing tension, delegating power through showing trust, encouraging communications and sharing ideas. There is a strong impact of personal life on work life, in this case instability in personal life of the subordinate was affecting his ability to stay focused on the job, so the importance of personal issues cannot be undermined. I also realized that compared to my business score, my leadership scores matters more to me because when my subordinates see me as a leader working towards their benefits good business results would automatically follow. The leadership insights of democratic leadership supports my decisions, a democratic leader

Recruitment and Staffing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Recruitment and Staffing - Essay Example One of the major ways of attracting potential employees is providing an integrated benefits scheme. Even though majority of the job applicants are keen on the amount of salaries paid, flexible benefits play a vital role of ensuring that qualified employees are attracted in an organisation. Such benefits include training, bonuses, promotion, insurance cover, holidays and inclusion of the employees in the decision making process. One of the major aspects that potential employees look for is the chance to develop (Wanous, 1992). It is worth to note that new graduates in the labor market do not only seek for employment opportunities that are in line with their skills but also they prefer companies that make them to develop. In this regard, companies should adopt part time training and postgraduate education as key ways of attracting potential employees. Another key way of attracting potential employees is through provision of adequate information that covers both the merits and demerits of the vacant jobs. This can be done through placing adverts in the newspapers and on the banners as well in the social sites. As the technology improves, companies have now embarked on creating websites where job applicants can look for vacant position and upload their resumes. In this way, a strong relationship between potential employees and employers is enhanced. Apart from undertaking a fair recruitment process, provision of rewards and other benefits are primary aspects that organisation should not overlook. In their job advertisements organisations should indicate the kind of benefits that potential employees will be exposed to. These include training, promotion, opportunities to develop, holidays, annual leave among other benefits. Additionally, companies should emulate internet as a major way of communicating with the potential employees based on the increased use of social sites especially by the young graduate seeking for employment

Culture, Technology, and Expansion Discussion Essay

Culture, Technology, and Expansion Discussion - Essay Example in which a whole range of political and social patterns as well as institutions that have been conventionally considered part of the European history were formed. During this period, a range of cultural identities and political boundaries were developed in many European countries that included Germany, France, Italy, Iberia, British Isles, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The time from 1000 to 1300 was when there happened a chain reaction in terms of advancements in the society, political life and economy which led to the development of new traditions in art and literature, scholarship, philosophy and religion. A vast majority of these trends have become intrinsic features of the contemporary European culture. Technology played a very important role in this cultural expansion. The rapid change of economy in the medieval Europe can fundamentally be attributed to the innovations in agriculture, expansion of territories and identification of newer construction techniques for the development of cities which was not achievable without the advancement of

Ethical reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical reflection - Essay Example Although it is unclear with respect to whether or not one or both of the twins could have survived if more timely action had taken place, it is affirmatively clear that the likelihood of one of the twins surviving could have been maximized if the hospital had the potential to perform the abortion when it was immediately required. Sadly, because of the ethical interpretation that such institutions hold onto, a baseline of help that would have been available to the patient was non-existent; further restricting the potential resources and means of address that this particular situation required. A further ethical reflection reveals the fact that even though an element of the Hippocratic Oath requires the medical professional to do no harm, they are also required to address the healthcare needs and promote life whenever possible. As can be seen, these two requirements of the Hippocratic oath, into conflict with one another with regards to the case in question. Rather than abandoning the Hippocratic Oath and attempting to forge and new ethical consideration that could address the situation at hand, it must be understood that the unique case represents a situation in which definitive action must be taken as a means of preserving the potential life that existed within the womb (Raghavan 1). By refusing the act in a time of need, the ethical burden is not only on the hospital and its staff with respect to not performing the abortion in conjunction with the parent’s wishes, it is also at fault for seeing the situation, prescribing a solution scenario, and then not addressi ng this scenario in the correct way. A further level of understanding and ethical analysis can be had with respect to the fact that the medical professionals intimately knew what was required in order for one of the fetuses to have a chance at viability; however, due to

How do Nike, Adidas and other sports enterprises work with the spread Thesis

How do Nike, Adidas and other sports enterprises work with the spread of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) to highlight their own brands in China - Thesis Example The Cone Communications/Echo Global CSR Study organized by The Cone Communications, 2013, carried out a clear fact about the test to enterprises in present world’s continuously challenging and ever changing market place, and that is: the challenge of creating a â€Å"real and meaningful impact†. In modern world the question is not about engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) but in how companies can use it to make an â€Å"impact†. An impact by which it can create a different image in the society, can create a better brand image among the people and also can establish a unique brand image among the people of the country. As such, CSR is not just an option anymore but is rather â€Å"emphatically and indisputably a must-do† (Cone Communications 3). Corporate social responsibility is about how a firms decisions and activities affect the society (Lamb et al 95). Corporate social responsibility requires action and accountability in five main dimensions, economic, legal, ethical, environmental and philanthropic (Lamb et al 95). These are areas a firm will need to work on and develop systems and activities that enables it to attain the best and holistic results in all they do. Over the years, marketing has evolved from its traditional position fueled by the economic ends and expectations of the Industrial Revolution. In the 1960s, marketing was based on the 4Ps, namely product, price, place and promotion (Lindgreen et al 123). In that era, marketing was a tool for the improvement of sales and the increment of profitability. The focus was on transactional marketing where the end was to increase transactions by calling on more customers to become interested in the products of a company. Contemporary marketing on the other hand requir es some degree of social marketing on the part of the corporate entity in order to

The doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit - Essay Example Throughout his explanation, he desires to reintroduce the ideologies that attempted to rationalize the principles of scripture and depict why they fell off the mark. His writings seeks to instruct the essentials of Christ's time and purpose on earth. He brings forth wisdom as well as understanding by dismantling the dogmas into rudimentary form. Core issues: One of the key fundamental issues that give Christendom its grandiose power and influence is the doctrinal divine mystery of Christ. Grudem illuminated that essential aspect one must know is that he was fully God and man. He addresses the cynics and teaches believers that the being of Christ had to fully manifest in both entities to be our atonement for our sins. "The Holy Spirit will come upon you and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God." (Luke 1: 35; cf. 3: 23) The Holy Spirit overshadowing Mary, mother of Jesus, is didactic of illustrating that salvation can only come from God without the aid of human effort -other than utilizing Mary as human vessel. Furthermore, Grudem set out to promulgate that Christ is the fusion of God and man without original sin. Christ's holiness seems to bedazzle many sceptics as to Jesus' sinlessness. Many wonder how can Jesus be sinless if his mother was a descendent of the sinful Adam. The dogmas of Catholicism assert that Mary was also without sin and transferred that characteristic via womb to Jesus. Grudem, however, extirpates that assertion and instructs that the union of God and man prevented Jesus from sinning. (Pg. 538) Grudem hypothetically raised the question of the... Purpose of Book: His purpose throughout this book, especially through this section (The Doctrine of Christ and Holy Spirit) is instruct and explain the fundamental dogmas of Christianity. Throughout his explanation, he desires to reintroduce the ideologies that attempted to rationalize the principles of scripture and depict why they fell off the mark. His writings seeks to instruct the essentials of Christ's time and purpose on earth. He brings forth wisdom as well as understanding by dismantling the dogmas into rudimentary form. Grudem also illuminated the relevancy of Jesus ministry on earth through several points. Not only was he the atonement of sin but also a laymen's example of walking in the Christian faith, a mediator between God and men, the fulfilment of God's original purpose on earth, and a sympathetic high priest that can understand the struggles of man. Ultimately, Grudem claims, based on scripture, the Jesus was both fully God and fully man. After making that claim, he attempts to discredit other variations of the duality of Christ. Apollinarianism was a teaching deemed a heresy because it fell short of matching the description of Christ engendered in the bible. Apollinaris, who became bishop in Laodicea, France, taught that the entity of Christ was a mixture of flesh and spirit.

A view from the bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the bridge Essay In A view from the bridge, Miller has tried to make a hero out of a man who has no redeeming qualities. Do you agree? I agree that Miller has tried to make a hero out of a man with no redeeming qualities. Although Miller did not succeed, he still has attempted to make this typical longshoreman, Eddie Carbone a hero. What makes a hero a hero? A young handsome gentleman who saves the day? If this is what a hero is defined as then no, Miller has not tried to make Eddie Carbone a hero. However the word hero can have more than just one meaning. If Miller thought a hero was someone who had done something particularly worthy, then I would say yes, Miller has succeeded turning Eddie into a hero, as Eddie dying for the love of Catherine is nothing less than admirable. A hero is defined as a man who due to a tragic flaw, dies, and because of his death, we feel a heavy sense of loss and pity. A classic example would be Macbeth. But what does Macbeth have that makes him a hero that Eddie Carbone does not? The fact that Macbeth was of noble birth and Eddie Carbone was just a typical longshoreman who worked on the piers of Brooklyn Bridge. The reason I think Miller has tried to make a hero out of Eddie is because of the way he creates Eddie and the characters around him. A good example of this would be Alfieri. Miller creates Alfieri as the Greek chorus. Not only is Alfieri the observer, he too plays a crucial part of the play as the law. Miller has used Alfieri to create a sense of justice throughout the play, and as the play goes on, we learn to trust Alfieri. Miller has used this trust that we have for Alfieri to build up the feelings we have towards Eddie. I feel this way as Alfieri constantly praises Eddie and although Alfieri knows that Eddies death was useless, he will still mourn him with a certain alarm. Alfieri also mentions that he will love him more than all my sensible clients which gives the audience a sense of doubt of whether or not Eddie deserved to die. Another character Miller has used to make Eddie look more hero-like is Catherine. Although it was the love for Catherine that caused Eddies death, I feel that this is what Miller intended. After all, it is the love for Catherine which is Eddies only redeeming quality. This love is displayed throughout the play not only for Catherine, but for his family. Eddie Carbone was a man who worked on the piers when there was work, brought home his pay, and lived; this alone gives us enough reason for Eddie to qualify as a hero, because it was all his years of striving which kept his family alive. This would definitely be considered as a redeeming quality. However, although Miller has tried to make Eddie into a hero, he has not succeeded. Miller has created a chauvinistic dictator with somewhat of an inner child. Eddie Carbone is a typical Italian male who dominates the household and feels that strength and face is most important. We see Eddies display of male superiority in the beginning of the play when Catherine first tells him about her job. Because Eddie is the man of the house he makes all the decisions and what he says goes. We see this male domination every time Edie talks to Beatrice. Because Eddie is the husband, he has to be obeyed. Eddie also has a childish behavior as well. Like a child, Eddie speaks his own mind regardless of other peoples feelings. We notice this in Act one when Catherine shows Eddie her new dress. In the play, Miller has displayed traits of Eddies dog manic behavior not only in speech, but in action too. We see this in the end of Act one. By the end of Act one, we already start to see the physical side of Eddies feelings towards Rodolfo. In this crucial moment we also see the close connection between the brotherhood of Rodolfo and Marco. When Eddie defeats Rodolfo whilst teaching him how to box, Marco immediately becomes aware of the hostility Eddie has towards Rodolfo and directly threatens Eddie by lifting the chair above his head in an intimidating posture. Although Eddies flaws outweigh his redeeming qualities, in conclusion, I would still say that Miller has tried to make a hero out of Eddie, a man who has no redeeming qualities, and has not succeeded. By: Stephanie Ko Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Armageddon & Physics Essay Example for Free

Armageddon Physics Essay In 2007, the September 1st issue of The New Scientist alleges that the film Armageddon is shown by the management training programs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A 1998 Jerry Bruckheimer-produced disaster thriller directed by Michael Bay in which deep core drillers attempt to avert an asteroid’s collision with the planet Earth, The New Scientist contends that NASA’s screening of a razzle-dazzle blockbuster claiming ground in science, is purely for entertainment purposes. â€Å"†¦the screenings are just a game for NASAs space geeks: who can find the highest number of impossible things in the movie? The record, [†¦] stands at 168. † Regarding the scientific fallaciousness of Armageddon, astronomer Philip Plait has many contentions. Plait notes that the introductory premise of the film, in which an asteroid of the same size which humanity faces was a â€Å"dinosaur killer† that possesses the same destructive capacity of â€Å"10,000 nuclear weapons. † However, he asserts that this is a severe underestimation, for the fictional asteroid would actually release at the very least, eight hundred thousand nuclear weapons, based on conservative estimates. Plait implicitly infers that the writers were going for a dramatic figure, but one whose complete lack of scientific basis leads to a severe underestimate. It is also preposterous for it to be impossible to communicate the drilling experience of an oil rig crew to astronauts or engineers, former engineer turned writer Tom Rogers notes. However, this is how the movie rationalizes the oil rig crew’s participation in Earth’s salvation despite their complete lack of astronautical experience. But even excusing such a premise, Rogers notes that the film stretches credulity when the Mir space station rotates at high velocities to induce artificial gravity. Amazingly enough, it rotates so fast that it can create gravitonic conditions in under half a minute, despite the fact that the Mir station’s mass exceeds a hundred tons. Rogers’ contention in this scenario is that the planetary gravity conditions could not be possibly simulated unless the human’s height is a small percentage of the rotational radius. As such, the astronauts would only experience gravitonic force on both ends of their bodies, which would feel â€Å"disorienting and probably cause [them] to stumble and vomit. † The Jupiter Scientific Organization also asserts that NASA’s plan of inserting a hydrogen bomb eight hundred feet deep into an asteroid that is three hundred miles wide – essentially a Texas-sized asteroid, which is exactly what it is called at one point in the film – does not actually scale very well. The film’s core (all pun intended) premise is actually absurd: attempting to split an asteroid with two pieces by exploding it with a hydrogen from within would be like hypothesizing that a single hydrogen bomb could fracture the state of Texas. It’s â€Å"like a pin-sized hole no deeper than a scratch in a ten-foot rock. † Such a hydrogen bomb â€Å"would roughly be like lighting a match. Can the ignition of such a match split a ten-foot rock? † Rogers also observes that a flaming shuttle crash site contradicts what the astronauts are told earlier about the gravity being about a tenth of that on the planet Earth. Such a low gravity cannot support an atmosphere – which is why they wear space suits in the first place: the asteroid surface does not and could not hold oxygen – yet for some reason, flames burn in the absence of oxygen. Lastly, a successfully halved asteroid would still be disaster, as the gravitonic forces they exert would cause catastrophic tidal changes that would eradicate most of the Earth’s population. â€Å"Sometimes theres just no way to have a happy ending,† Rogers notes. Works Cited â€Å"Feedback. † The New Scientist, Issue 2619. 01 September 2007.Plait, Phil. â€Å"The Astronomy of Armageddon. † Phil Plait’s Bad Astronomy. 08 August 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008 from: http://www. badastronomy. com/bad/movies/armpitageddon. html â€Å"Movie Review of Armageddon (and Deep Impact) from a Scientific Viewpoint. † Jupiter Scientific Information. July 1998. Retrieved June 6, 2008 from: http://www. jupiterscientific. org/sciinfo/armageddon. html Rogers, Tom. Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics: Hollywood’s Best Mistakes, Goofs and Flat-Out Destructions of the Basic Laws of the Universe. Connecticut: Sourcebooks Hysteria, 2007.

Looking At Wireless Power Transmission Information Technology Essay

Looking At Wireless Power Transmission Information Technology Essay Wireless power transmission is the process of transmitting electrical energy to an electrical load, from a source emitting power without interconnecting wires. The wireless transfer of electromagnetic energy as in different forms like audio format, video format and data format is common nowadays but wireless power transfer technology is still years ahead. Even though the idea was developed 100s of years ago and scientists are still working on the topic an efficient way for wireless transfer of power is yet to be developed. The development of highly efficient WPT technology will be a breakthrough in the history of wireless transmission as it allows lots of portable devices to be charged without plugging on to a socket or docked to a charging station. The development of WPT serves to be useful in many ways, as transmission of power in hazardous environment is inefficient and dangerous. The WPT differs from the wireless transmission of telecommunication signals as the WPT takes into consideration the efficiency parameter where as in the latter the energy parameter is significant only if the signal is distorted in such away that it cannot be distinguished. The WPT is economical if and only if the receiver receives the same amount of energy transmitted by the source. The direct induction method is the most common method used for the WPT and is being used for short distance WPT, but it had disadvantages and was overcome by later technologies developed like the resonant magnetic induction method, electromagnetic radiation methods like microwaves and lasers. The modern era where the ideology of high efficiency in practical circuits comes to existence, the WPT technology proves wrong due to the low efficiency of the developed technologies. The WPT technology in industries by electromagnetic radiation is possibly only remote in the design and most of the industries are looking forward for better designs for better efficiency in power transfer. Most of such design lags the property of safe human environment for living and the economical barriers. A design of WPT system which overcomes these factors is still to be worked out and is being experimented throughout the world. Why Wireless Power Transmission (WPT)? The studies throughout the world has proven that most of the electrical energy transfer is done through the interconnection wires and lots of energy is lost during the transmission due to various internal and external factors like the resistance of the wires the material of the conduction wires, the size of the wires, the atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity etc. On an average basis the loss of power due to transmission through wires is calculated to exceed to be more than 30%. This is where the WPT comes into action , the WPT is highly reliable, fast , low cost for the maintenance and can also be used for short range and long range distance transmissions. These factors pop-in the idea for WPT. History of WPT The WPT history can be traced from the early 19th century. The first electromagnet was developed in the year 1825 by William Sturgeon which paved the way for the discovery of principles of magnetic induction in the year 1831. This was followed by the demonstration of transmission and reception of electrical energy without wires to connect the point of origin and termination by Nicholas Joseph Callan using the above two developments. These experiments even though demonstrated was successful but in practical cases was always kept under suspicion which was due to the interpretance that it was not possible for long distance transmission and fear of safety. The invention of transmission of very and ultra high frequency radio waves dedicated to Heinrich Hertz followed the revolutionary development of the wireless electricity transfer by Nikola Tesla in the year 1891, on which he took the patent-ship for illuminating the bulbs wirelessly. Nikola Tesla is called as the pioneer of the induction techniques as his technique was based on induction method. His vision of WORLD WIRELESS SYSTEM which inculcated the idea of people accessing the free energy. He even planned to set working a 187 feet tall tower for broadcasting energy but was put down due to lack of funds. The experimentation in early 20th century was successful in transmitting power over a distance wirelessly but was not able solve the problem of power loss due to hindrances. In the 19th century WPT passed through various phases of technological developments. Even after 100 years the idea of Tesla is being used by the MIT scientists led by Soljacic for their project named WiTricity. Different technologies of WPT Near-field techniques: The techniques for short distance transmission of power wirelessly. Mostly the induction methods are used for near-fields. These techniques are as follows. (1)Inductive coupling Electromagnetic induction is a process whereby a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field results in the production of voltage across a conducting plate. This voltage in-turn generates an electrical current called the induced current because the current on the second conductor is induced by the first. In the inductive coupling technique the primary and the secondary are not connected by wires but the energy is transferred by mutual induction. Mutual induction refers to the generation of EMF in circuit due to a change of current in nearby circuit. Electromagnetic increases with the increase in current, the voltage in the conducting plate responsible for the magnetic fields and also the increase in the frequency. The energy is transmitted from the conducting plates which is responsible for the fields to another conductor termed the secondary where the fields impinge on. A part of the energy on the primary is passed inductively through space decreasing the energy in the primary and imparting energy into the secondary. High frequency currents are not liable to pass the current for long distances but transfers energy by induction rapidly to the adjacent or neighboring conductors. Lower the frequency of the current less preponderant becomes the effects of induction. The phenomenon is classified more local, if the energy decreases rapidly in the circuit causing the current in the circuit to die-out. In the space outside the conductor the phenomena results in dielectric stress and steady magnetic condition for continuous current and alternating for alternating current input. For the telecommunication channels the magnetic and electric fields outside conductor is only considered for the transmitting and receiving of messages. Transformer working is the simplest example for WPT. A current which is varying in the primary generates a varying magnetic flux in the core of the transformer which results in the varying magnetic field in the secondary. This field induces a varying voltage or EMF(electromotive force) in the secondary. This is termed as mutual induction. It should be noted that most of the energy transferring devices are usually air-cored. There are many examples of air-cored devices, such as the wireless charging pads, electric brushes etc. Induction coupling is the underlying principle of charging of an electric toothbrush. The input current through the primary winding creates a magnetic flux thus a magnetic field. When the toothbrush is placed in the charger, a current is induced in the secondary by the magnetic field, which is connected to the batter of the brush and thus recharges the battery. The wireless charging of the portable devices of great advantage as it is comfortable to use, shock proof and less usage of wires which is more economical. The figure() shows the picture of an wirelessly charged toothbrush. The principle to recharge several devices at a time is similar to that of the charging of electric brush. The Splashpower recharging mat and Edisions Electric PowerDesk are few examples. The WCP (wireless charging pads) are devices that are devised for the charging the battery automatically when placed on it. There is no connection with the wires between the charging pad and the device battery to be charged. The technique of induction to transfer energy is utilized in this and air acts as core. Resonance Inductive Coupling It is the combination of resonance principles along with the inductive coupling principles. When a relatively low frequency close to the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of system being resonated produces large amplitude of vibration it is called resonance. Two objects or bodies are made to strongly interact with each other during the time of resonance. It is also noted that an objects physical structure determines the natural frequency of vibration of the object. Objects vibrate more easily at resonant frequency than at other frequencies. We know that magnetic flux developed due to the passage of current in the primary creates a magnetic field which induces an EMF in the secondary and thus current was the principle of inductive coupling. Working principles of Resonance Inductive Coupling. The coil in the fig() provides the inductance when the circuit is supplied with voltage. The induction takes place in a slight different manner when the electromagnetic fields surrounding the coils start to resonate in the similar frequencies. The inductor used here is a curved coil wire. We also see a capacitance plate attached to each end of the coil to hold the charge, that is a capacitance, is connected in parallel to the coil on both sides that is the primary and the secondary coil. When electricity is passed through the coil the coil begins to resonate. The resonating frequency is the product of the capacitance of the plates and the inductance of the coil. Electricity which travels alongside the electromagnetic wave tunnels from the source coil to the target coil, if both of the resonant frequencies are the same, where resonance is a function of the product of the capacitance connected in parallel and the inductance of the coil. Loss of energy or power due to radiation is negligible in this case. If the two coils to be linked are out of range of one another, there occurs no transmission of power as the fields are not strong enough to affect the surroundings. This is the same affect when two coils which are resonating at different frequencies exists. Considering two coils resonating at the same frequency to be in the same range, energy streams moves from the transmitting to the recipetant. This theory also provides the functionality of more than one receiving coil in the same range operating at the same resonant frequency to function. This type of energy is termed as NON-RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER as it involves the static fields surrounding the coils more than the fields spreading in all directions. Advantages of Resonance Inductive Coupling (RIC) over Inductive Coupling Compared to inductive coupling the efficiency of RIC is very high. The range of RIC is much greater than compared to the inductive coupling, range for inductive coupling is below 5 cm whereas for the RIC it in the range of few meters. The directivity of the RIC is larger compared to the inductive coupling. RIC can implemented in one-to-many format, but the implementation of inductive coupling is generally one-on-one format. The devices implemented using RIC are easily portable compared to that of the inductive coupling gadgets. This is because of the small size of the component structure and the ease to use. Air Ionization Ionization of air refers to the process of imparting charges that is negative or positive charge to the air molecules by the application of high voltage. In this method of transferring the electricity, the charged particles that are the anions or cations move from the source to the target terminal through the atmosphere, by imparting charges to the air molecules. This technique even though seems to be simple in construction, it is the most toughest and un-economical method of transfer of power in the near field techniques. The disadvantages are really more in this technique because minimum field strength of 2.11 Megavolt is required to transfer the electricity over a distance of 1 meter, which is very high potential difference to be created. There should be a static atmospheric condition for this technique to be implemented and mostly the dust particles in the atmosphere can also affect the transfer of electric power, from one terminal to the other terminal. The natural example is the lightening which occurs. So taking into consideration all the negative points which overcome the advantages, it can be concluded that Air ionization method for wireless energy transfer is not feasible for implementation. Advantages of near-field techniques The absence of wires is being considered as the greatest advantage. There is no presence of e-waste. The need for battery is suppressed to a certain extent. Efficient energy transfer using the RIC up-to a distance of few meters is possible. The methods are harmless, if the strength of the fields used are under safety levels prescribed by the standards prescribed. The maintenance cost is considerably low for the devices in the near field techniques. Disadvantages of near-field techniques One of the main disadvantages of the near-field techniques is the distance. This technique implies the wireless transfer of energy only for a short distance. It has to be taken care of that, the strength of the fields developed should be below the safety level so that it does not affect the human safety. The initial capital for setting the circuit is considerably high. The tuning of the RIC circuit is a difficult task and consumes more time. The signals to the supply should be having high frequency because the induction is proportional to the frequency of the signal supply. The air ionization process for the near-field technique is not a feasible technique that can be implemented for the wireless transmission of energy. Far-field techniques for wireless power transmission Far-field techniques for WPT refer to transfer of power from one terminal to another terminal which is kept far apart. The techniques used for near-field transfer are not viable because the efficiency will be tending to zero or almost zero if implemented by those techniques. That is the power received at the receiving terminal will be zero. There are mainly two types of techniques used for the energy transfer in far-field techniques they are as follows Microwave wireless power transfer The electromagnetic waves that are arranged in between the infrared spectrum and the radio wave spectrum are termed as microwave. Their frequency ranges in from 300 Mega hertz to 300 Giga hertz. They are used for a wide range of applications such as Bluetooth, wifi, microwave Owen etc. The frequency range of microwave is in between 1 and 40 GHz which is generally used for applications. For long distance transfer of power, microwave is one of the best medium used. The microwave band is generally used because antennas of convenient sizes that are able to transmit and receive the microwave signals and also the metal waveguides for carrying the radio power works are available. Besides this the technologies in electronics where millimeter waveband is required the microwave proves to be helpful. This is because in millimeter wavelengths the radio waves are attenuated while the microwaves are not. The microwave was used for transmission of power for various applications such as running of the unmanned helicopter developed by Americans, powering the outer space vehicles etc. There are mainly three steps involved in the transmission and reception of power by MPT. Step1: The conversion of electrical energy into microwave. After this process the microwave is emitted with very-high power emitters called the cavity magnetrons. Step2: The microwave is then captured using a rectenna. The rectenna is a combinational circuit consisting of rectifier and an antenna. Step3: Microwave energy is converted to electrical by the rectenna. In the process of transmitting microwave, the AC supply needs to be converted to DC as it is not possible to convert the AC directly to microwave. The process of conversion of DC to microwave is done by magnetron. The magnetron is a highly powered vacuum tube structure that is responsible for the production of coherent microwaves. The rectenna can also be called as rectifying antennae as it converts the microwave directly into DC electricity. Rectenna consists of elements that are sorted in multi element array and consists of pattern reflector element mesh to give directionality. It is easily constructed by placing Schottky diode in between the antennae dipoles. The DC is converted back in the next process using an inverter circuit. Considering the receiver to be a photovoltaic cell, the microwave system for earthbound applications exceeding an area limit of diameter size 10 Km the arrays in the receiving station has large power levels in total , limiting the exposure of electromagne tic radiations which is considered for human safety. A density of power equals to or less than 1mW/cm2 is considered safe for human environment, and with this density of power for a diameter of 10 km 750 megawatts of power can be generated. This standard value is utilized by several modern power plants in the world. Laser transmission of power A device emitting electromagnetic radiation by the process of optical amplification on the basis of stimulated emission is termed as laser. Laser has high directivity and high degree of temporal and spatial coherence which is a unique property of laser that cannot be attained by any other technologies. The laser beams does not get dispersed for long during the time of transmission. The disadvantage of the laser is that it gets attenuated while propagating through the atmosphere because of hindrance due to the dust particles prevailing in the atmosphere. The receiver designed for the laser power transmitter and receiver is simple in design and construction. The laser system is a cost efficient system due to the simple design and structure. These points form positive side for the implementation of the laser system. The receiver in the case of laser system is a photovoltaic cell. The laser system is mainly used when electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum near to visible region that is 10s of nm or microns are to be transmitted, power is transmitted changing electricity in the form of laser beams and then projected onto a photo-voltaic cell which acts as the receiver. The receiver then turns it back to electricity. This is called the power beaming mechanism. This is so called because power is forced or beamed at the receiving end to convert the power into useful electric energy. The fig() shows the concept how laser is used for transferring the power to an object in the sky. Here it represents flying objects battery being charged by controlled transmission of laser beams, tracking the object with the help of the radar, and powering the target with the help of laser generating source. Comparison of Laser and Microwave techniques Laser method requires antennae of smaller sizes compared to that of the microwave technique of power transfer. Microwaves interferes with each other where as laser is highly monochromatic and does not interfere (two frequencies used for microwave power transfer are 2.45GHz and 5.4 GHz). Laser gets attenuated and also diffracted due to the particles present in the atmosphere, but microwave is resistant to this. Transmission of energy over a long range is possible due to property of collimated monochromatic propagation of wave-front in lasers but the range of microwave is small considered to lasers. The receiver size of the laser technique is small considered to the microwave method because of the compact size of the photovoltaic components. The laser beams does not affect or interfere the normal radio communication due to the large difference in their wavelengths, but microwave as it has wavelengths closer to that of the radio communication channel wavelength the possibility of interference is more. The photovoltaic cells in the laser receiver is not as efficient as in the microwave receiver as in laser, only 40%-50% efficiency is only acquired. Advantages of far-field energy transfer Far-field energy transfer is more efficient. The need for setting substations, grids etc are eliminated due to the large distance transfer ability. These systems require less maintenance cost compared to the wired system of energy transfer. The systems become more and more effective if the transmitter and the receiver are along the line of sight. This system can be implemented in remote locations where access is difficult. Disadvantages of far-field energy transfer techniques This is radiative in nature so the losses are prevalent due to the radiations. In order to be more effective in working the transmitting and receiving stations must be in line of sight. When lasers are used: (1) conversion to electrical energy is inefficient at the receiver. (2)absorption loss is high due to the atmospheric particles which causes attenuation and diffraction in lasers(3) difficult to use in human environment. When microwaves are used (1) interference of two power signals (2) standards should considered for the sake of healthy living environment. Applications Near-field energy transfer Electric automobile charging The automobiles running on electricity are more common nowadays as it more environmental friendly, but the storage capacity of these vehicles are limited as it cannot afford huge batteries, so similar to the petroleum bunks, rises the concept of recharging stations. But these recharging stations cannot afford large number of plug-ins, as the density of vehicles increases besides it is a waste of time working with plug-ins in this busy and fast world, so wireless recharging of the vehicles is done in these situations to avoid waste of time and energy by near-field techniques, besides all these many vehicles can be recharged at a time using resonance inductive coupling. Consumer electronics In the world of consumer electronics, the technology changes are really fast. Each technology brings in more compacability and introduces more functionality into the products being manufactured. Such a world essentially requires the introduction of the wireless charging, because it reduces the cost of the wires plugged on to it, increases the reliability of use of the equipment, reduces the total size of the equipment and increases the ease of portability etc. Inductive coupling or resonance Inductive coupling techniques prove to be useful in these cases. Example is electronic toothbrush charger, splash power recharging mat etc. Industrial applications In industries there are processes involving high temperature, hazardous environment created by chemical reactions etc. In such an environment if wires are used for the transfer of electricity if required, it is highly inefficient and at times dangerous, so in such cases only the wireless transfer of electricity is possible, the methods of inductive coupling and resonance inductive coupling proves to be efficient because the hazardous environment or the high temperature does not affect the transfer of energy wirelessly. Far-field energy transfer Solar power satellites In this era of growing need of energy, our mother earth with all its resources may not be able to supply enough energy for the utilization for mankind, besides the energy earned from coal, oil etc are causing pollution besides this, these non renewable sources of energy. So in order to satisfy human needs one of the latest technologies for energy harvesting is the solar power satellites. These are machineries working on the basis of the microwave and laser power transmission methods. These helps to efficiently make use of the solar energy, and are placed in geostationary orbits for the efficient working. Solar energy is captured using the solar cells on the satellite; where in 400 million photocells are present in each solar power satellite. The energy is converted to microwaves or laser and transmitted to the earth and received at the earth station using the rectenna or photovoltaic cell converts it into electrical energy. The efficiency of the microwave system is more than 95% usually, but for the laser power transfer system the efficiency is around 40% to 50%. The diagram in the fig() shows the working of the solar power satellite and how it transfers power from the supply terminal to the receiver terminal by microwave method of power transfer. This is also called BEAMING DOWN process. Energy to remote areas In remote location that is places that cannot be accessed easily by people, the transfer of energy by using grids are considered to be waste of money, time and energy. In such cases the transfer of energy through wireless media is only possible. Certain factories which produce hazardous wastes, confidential or secret services offices and plants of nations etc are sometimes located in remote locations are the examples. There are villages to be supplied with electricity located in remote locations government of nations are planning and implementing far-field techniques of power transfer to meet these tasks. Energy broadcasting globally The concept of energy broadcasting globally had bought in nations to work together in projects dealing with more efficiently trapping of solar energy to power up their resources. As solar energy is renewable source and available in plenty the only step left behind is more efficient way of trapping the solar energy. The achievement of this would certainly result in reducing the crisis of energy, and to broadcast the energy globally. One of the famous projects undertaken is based on Kalams (former Indian president) vision which calls in the program for space-farming to contribute substantially for the global energy broadcasting. One such proposal is Pan African e- network. Projects established on the basis of wireless power transfer. Wi-Tricity This was a project done in Massachusetts Institute of Technology on wireless transfer of energy based on the resonance inductive coupling method. The team was led by Marin Soljacic. The team was able to transfer energy wirelessly for a distance of 2m. The coils used for the experiment was helical in shape and they never used any capacitor in the experiment. The energy received at the receiving terminal was almost 40% of the total input power from the supply. The frequencies used for the transmission of power were 1MHz and 10MHz. The field strengths were safer at 1 MHz frequency for the human environment. The usage of 10MHz frequency, created fields of strength above the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) standards. Rectenna in US The rectenna build in USA worked on the microwave method of wireless energy transfer. The rectenna which was spread over one and half mile in was diameter was able to generate electric power of 5000MW. The range of frequency of microwave used is compactable to the ICNIRP standards. Alaska 21 WPT can be used for supplying power to rural areas. Alaska 21 project was presented in the year 1993, for supplying power to villages in Alaska. The other sources of energy were not possible to be used because of the limited infrastructure. The price estimate of $40/kWh was done for energy produced by other sources, which is too high to accommodate. Even cabling to this area was not possible due to extremes of climatic conditions. So a pilot project was conducted which was passed on WPT, not only to supply energy but also to avoid pollution. The system consisted of 2.45 GHz design array and could bridge around 1 to 15 miles. Present status is unknown. Grand Basin project This project aims in supplying electricity to an isolated mountain village in the remote area of the La Reunion Island. This project was developed for making Grand Basin to a tourist village. The project was given complete support by CNES, which is the French space centre. WPT was used as the underlying basis of the project. Planning to build a microwave link which operates at 2.45GHz frequency working over a distance of 700 meters delivers 10kW and had an efficiency of 57%. The whole system worked in combination with the photovoltaic panels and the batteries. Capital of 1 million dollars for 10 kW was proposed and the project was put down. WPT Demonstration in Hawaii In the year 2008 on moth of May a demonstration based on WPT was held on the islands of Hawaii. The demonstration was organized by one of the US based companies named Managed Energy Technologies. They were able to demonstrate wireless power transfer up to a distance of 148 km. They were only able to transfer 20 watts of power, which would barely light a fluorescent lamp, because most of the energy were lost during the time of transmission. The limitation of this demonstration was not the science but the capital involved. This project involved less than a million dollar. If the company could have afforded more number of solar panels and more phased transmitter array and receivers more than 60% of efficiency could have been acquired. Munich electronica exploration The Munich ELECTRONICA exhibition organized by the automotive, embedded, electronica and the ZEVI forums in the month of November from 9th to 12th in Germany was a real trade off for the electronics products. There were 2595 companies participating in the exchange and almost 70000 visitors took part in the exhibition. The exhibition is being conducted every two years alternatively to the Productronica. There were participation of various companies dealing with different types of electronic goods like the displays, connectors and interconnects, semiconductors, automotive, sensors, passive components, assemblies and sub-systems, wireless, embedded systems, power supplies, test and measurement etc. It is one of the best places where we come to know about different technologies, products and even test the new product to confirm our expectation. The fair also is business area where companies come for advertising and selling their products. I was able to visit stalls of 37 companies dealin g with power supply devices and gathered informations which I was able to present on the topic wireless transfer of power. Certain companies were doing research works on this topic but were not able to introduce their products because certain defects were yet to be cleared before manufacturing. Companies visited RRC Solutions The company was established in the year 1989, with the excellent management has become one of the leading companies in the supplier of power supplies and battery chargers. It has a good platform for the professional applications in medical, industrial, military and consumer products. The company has good wealth of expertise engineers creating new and innovative ideas. The company has its branches in various locations of the world with its headquarters in south west Germany. Its branches are located in USA, Japan, China, Hong Kong etc The companys products involve battery chargers, power supplies, integrated system solutions, products

Building A Radio Empire :: essays research papers fc

"Media do not simply present cultural products for consumption; they provide much of the stuff of every day life through which we construct meaning and organize our existence."--Michael R. Real, Super Media DEFINING MOMENTS IN MASS MEDIA Newspapers. Media began with the written word . . . To date, the oldest existing written document dates back to 2200 B.C. By 500 B.C. Persia had developed a form of pony express and the Greeks had a  ¡Ã‚ §telegraph ¡Ã‚ ¨ system consisting of trumpets, drums, shouting, beacon fires, smoke signals, and mirrors; transmitting a form of communication to the masses. In 200 B.C. the Chinese circulated the first  ¡Ã‚ §newspaper, ¡Ã‚ ¨ the Tipao gazette, to government officials. Newsletters began circulating in Europe by 1450. Over 150 years later, in 1609, the first regularly published newspaper was circulated in Germany. Advertising began to shape the media industry by 1631 with the first classified ads featured in a French newspaper. And, in 1833 a New York newspaper was sold for one penny, enabling this media to reach a mass market. Radio. At first there was the print, and then there was sound . . . In 1821 an English man named Wheatstone reproduced sound. However, the future of radio didn ¡Ã‚ ¦t really begin until 1890 when Branly transmitted the first radio waves in France. In 1901 the American Marconi Company, the forerunner of RCA, sent radio signals across the Atlantic. And five years later,  ¡Ã‚ §a program of voice and music was broadcast in the United States. ¡Ã‚ ¨ In 1907 DeForest began a regular radio broadcast featuring music. In 1909 the first talk-radio format, covering women ¡Ã‚ ¦s suffrage, was broadcast. And in 1912, the United States Congress passed a law to regulate radio stations. In 1917 the first radio station, KDKA, was built; and in 1920 the first scheduled programs on KDKA were broadcast. The going rate for ten minutes of commercial airtime was $100. By 1924, the first sponsored radio program, The Eveready Hour, began. In that same year there were two and a half million radio sets in the United States. The 1930 ¡Ã‚ ¦s are characterized as the  ¡Ã‚ §Golden Age ¡Ã‚ ¨ of radio. In 1929 automobile manufacturers began installing radios in cars. In 1933 Armstrong discovered FM waves. And in 1934, the government passed the Communications Act, creating the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In that same year, half of all American homes had at least one radio set. In 1935 A.C.

Women Portrayed in Horror and Film Noir Films Essay -- Film Movie Noir

Women Portrayed in Horror and Film Noir Films Works Cited Not Included Horror films have always been more attractive to the male viewer than to the female viewer. Why is that? Usually horror films mainly present the audience with very graphic mutilation and the raping of females, more so than their male counterparts. Horror films have always depicted females as either objects or as the victim of a horrible act. In Linda William's essay 'When the Woman Looks,' she says that 'there is not that much difference between an object of desire and an object of horror as far as the male look is concerned' (Jancovich 63). That is just the way horror films are, and they will probably not change anytime, because the women in the films usually grab the attention of males. This is why horror films are usually more pointed at the male view. Some males like to see women depicted as the punisher because they like seeing evil women in these films precisely for their viewing pleasures, sexual and otherwise. An online essay defines horror as, 'its true subject matt er is that of the struggle for recognition of all that society represses? (Niver). Although horror films as well as film noir films are usually fictitious, the violence depicted among women is real and they show the dark side of the human experience especially in women. In some horror films, females are ?often asked to bear witness to [their] own powerlessness in the face of rape, mutilation and murder? (Jancovich 61). Women, who have been traumatized by violence in any way, have to live with their emotions and feelings regarding their situations everyday of their lives.... ...is very scary is that ?one-third of women report being physically or sexually abused by a boyfriend or husband at some time in their lives? (Boss 357-358). These statistics not only happen in real life, but are also depicted on the big screens. They have been for years because it brings people to the movies and they find it interesting to watch. The statistics that are mentioned here need to be changed before it is too late. People and today?s society need to be more cautious of their surroundings, know who they are getting involved with and to try and not make stupid mistakes. Society needs to take more responsibility for their actions and sexual attackers need to be put in prison for a long time. Horror films and film noir films, just like society, do depict a lot of violence among women and they also show the dark side of the human experience.

Thinking and Enquiry Skills in Global Education Essay -- Global Educat

To examine and explore what is global citizenship? This essay will look at the importance of becoming a global citizenship, the role we, as educators play in this development and how the curriculum frameworks and associated learning emphases for global education assist in the development of a global citizen. What is global education? â€Å"Global citizenship would seem a recent concept, but its origin can be traced back to at least 4th century Greece when Diogenes declared himself a cosmopolitan – a citizen of the world† (Hower, 2010, p.1). The idea of global citizenship, then, emerged even before there was a clear understanding of just what the globe entailed or who populated it, Hower, 2010, although different people and cultures were unknown to anyone. Oxfam (1997) believes that global citizenship goes beyond knowing that as citizens of the world there is a need to acknowledge our responsibilities towards each other and the earth. It is about the need to solve inequality and to work actively in achieving these needs. It can be just a matter of looking after the earth for our future generations and to have a belief that as individuals or as a nation can make a difference. â€Å"Twenty-first century Australians are members of a global community, connected to the whole wor ld by ties of culture, economics and politics, enhanced communication and travel and a shared environment† (Curriculum Corporation, 2008, p.2). The importance of becoming a global citizen is paramount for us as humans as there is a need to develop a sense of identity and self esteem Oxfam 1997. In addition being a global citizen gives us an awareness of what it means to be a member of a community and how this can influence responses to global issues. Hower (2010) p... ...ademics/.../Making_of_a_Global_Citizen.pdf Curriculum Corporation, (2008). Global Perspectives: A framework for global education in Australian schools. Carlton South, Vic. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (2009). Education for Global and Multicultural Citizenship. A strategy for Victorian Government Schools, 2009-2013. Retrieved December 26th, 2010 from: www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/.../multicultural-ed-strategy.pdf Opotow, S., Gerson, J., & Woodside, S. (2005). From Moral Exclusion to Moral Inclusion: Theory for Teaching Peace. Retrieved December 31st, from: http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/pqdweb?RQT=318&pmid=27912 Victorian Essential Learning Standards, (2005). Civics and Citizenship – Level 1. Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Retrieved January 1st, from: http://vels.vcaa.vic.edu.au/

Philosophical Groundwork of a New and Innovative Teaching

The purpose of Montaigne's â€Å"Education of Children† is to lay down the philosophical groundwork for a new and innovative way of teaching children. The purpose of this new system is to foster the child's intellectual growth as opposed to filling the child's head with facts that he regurgitates, but does not understand. In Montaigne's words, the education should put a child â€Å"through its paces, making it taste things, choose them, and discern them by itself† (110). As well as encouraging intellectual growth, Montaigne also intends to promote wisdom, character and physical development as a way of education the entire person. Montaigne's assertion is that the purpose behind education should not be for the sole aim of the increase in knowledge, but â€Å"to have become better and wiser by it† (112). The overall effect of the education should be to produce an individual that is both wise and happy; according to Montaigne the two are irreconcilably bound, as â€Å"the surest sign of wisdom is constant cheerfulness† (119). The methods used to achieve Montaigne's ideal education are a mixture of the ability and talent of the tutor; the individual attention paid to a student and the well-rounded nature of the curriculum. Montaigne asserts that a pupil is only as good as the skill of his tutor. The ideal tutor in Montaigne's eyes would be one that is more wise than learned, having â€Å"a well made rather than a well filled head† (110). The tutor should not have the student repeat what is told to him, as the goal of the education is not to memorize, but rather to learn. The tutor should be a guide in order to offer the ideas of great authors to the student and then â€Å"let him know how to make them his own† (111). Furthermore, the tutor is only responsible for one student at a time and without interference from parents. Being alone with the student allows the tutor to truly become aquatinted with the student†s aptitudes and allows for the formulation of an individual and personal education for the one pupil. The actual subjects to be learned are divided by not only the discipline of study, but also the development of physical ability, moral fiber and interpersonal skills. The development of mind, body and spirit together leads to the transformation of a child to a well-rounded man. Montaigne believes in the training of the body as well as the mind, a typically Greek concept. The tutor, therefore, is responsible for physical training as â€Å"it is not enough to toughen his soul; we must also toughen his muscles† (113). The training of body serves a duel purpose, to ease the burdened mind by giving it something else to think about and by building up the pupil's body in order to fight off injury and disease. It is only after his body has been trained that the intellectual education can begin. Intellectually, Montaigne believes in beginning the students formal education with the sciences, in order to foster the understanding of the world's natural laws. The tutor should â€Å"explain to him the meaning of logic, physics, geometry, rhetoric and the science he chooses† as a way to give him â€Å"the marrow and the subject predigested† (118). This explanation of basic scientific principles gives the student the ability to understand and interpret the passages written by famous scientists given to him by the tutor. This assertion, that children should be allowed to recognize important information for themselves, is the cornerstone of Montaigne's theory of education. The other subjects to be studied should be literature and philosophy, and should be taught in the same manner as the sciences. Montaigne argues against the study of grammar and classical languages, such as Greek or Latin, as he believes these to be grounded in memorization as opposed to logical thought and reasoning. Montaigne asserts that the purpose of education is to produce â€Å"not a grammarian or a logician, but a gentleman† (125). However, despite the discourse on formal education, the actual intellectual instruction received is secondary to the child's overall development as a person. The next part of the child's education is argued by Montaigne to be the most important. The tutor should not only be an instructor on the matters of reason and logic, but also a moral force in the life of the student. The tutor's job is to instill strong virtues in the child while he is still young, â€Å"instructing him in the good precepts concerning valor, prowess, magnanimity, and temperance, and the security of fearing nothing† (120). The tutor is to teach the child moderation, civic responsibility, humility and a â€Å"honest curiosity to inquire into all things† (114). The goal of this instilling of virtues is to create an adult, â€Å"guided only by reason,† who is as capable of making wise decisions as well as being educated (114). The student, only after the competition of a great deal of education in academics and virtues, is taught a final lesson about interactions with others. At some point in the education the pupil is expected to interact with others and put his education to use. The student is expected to visit other countries in order to interact with a diverse array of people and cultures. Through these interactions the pupil will further his own education by rubbing and polishing his â€Å"brains with the contact with those of others† (112). The informal education through experience leads the student to gain a grasp of social situations and begin to understand the way society works. The ultimate goal in this is to have the student â€Å"put everything to use† by finding valuable education in all of those around him (114). Montaigne even goes so far as to assert that eventually â€Å"even the stupidity and weakness of others will be an education to him† (115). Overall, with the completion of the relationship between tutor and pupil the end result will be a reasoning, virtuous, educated and extremely wise individual who will be well equipped to deal with the world and who will be constantly bettering himself.

Classroom Management Considerations to Promote Inclusion Essay

In order for a classroom to be truly inclusive classroom management considerations have to be addressed. Will the classroom atmosphere be conducive to learning for all students and how will the climate be modified or adapted to meet these needs? How will classroom goals and rules be established and are they visible and clearly stated in the classroom? Are academic standards clearly stated and visible in the classroom? Does the teacher effectively utilize differentiated instructional strategies for all students? Is the classroom arranged in a manner to accentuate student learning, for example: how are the desks arranged, is there a student seating plan in place, are bulletin or display boards cluttered and distracting, are there technology resources available to the students in the classroom? Are the teachers utilizing flexible co-teaching models in the classroom and is planning time scheduled to create effective lesson planning? These are questions one must ask his or herself in order to create a truly inclusive classroom. Language and discourse in the classroom also plays a role in creating an inclusive atmosphere, the relationship between the teacher and student, the student and his or her peers is part of the social climate of the classroom and must be positively modeled by the teacher. The teacher must find a way to assess and re-assess instructional strategies so that instruction is real-world based and encourages various extensive and engaging learning opportunities for the students. The teacher also has to teach and model positive coping strategies for stress and should remain non-judgmental in their classroom and behavior management approaches. The following is a short list of some modifications or adaptations that can be made in the classroom: †¢ Preferred seating †¢ Pre-printed notes for the class †¢ Visual aids such as graphic organizers like a KWL chart †¢ Choice of assignments †¢ Extended time to complete tests †¢ Fewer questions for classwork or homework †¢ Modified grading utilizing a rubric †¢ Reduce distractions †¢ Teach study skills and coping strategies †¢ Use flashcards †¢ Use of technology to facilitate instruction such as reading and math software to reinforce and teach pre-requisite skills †¢ Visual schedules †¢ Use of manipulatives †¢ Visual communication aids

Oral Communication Essay

INTRODUCTION Making a business or social speech is more than just standing up and ‘saying a few words’. Experience has shown that the importance of oral presentations, especially in the business world, cannot be underestimated. This is because presentations are an opportunity to demonstrate knowledge, competence, and composure while making an impression on both superiors and subordinates. Although oral presentations are very important, they strike fear in the hearts of those who give them. This should not however be the case. The key to a successful oral presentation is preparation. Preparation alleviates apprehension, and helps identify potential problems in presentations. I hope this course will go a long way to prepare you for the task. ELEMENTS OF THE PUBLIC SPEAKING PROCESS SOURCE This is the origin of communication message. A public speaker is the source of ideas and information for an audience. The job of the speaker or source is to encode or translate images and ideas in his or her mind into a system of signals that will be recognized by an audience. For example, the speaker may encode into words â€Å"The new product should be two inches square† or into gestures (showing the size with hands). RECEIVER The receiver is the target of the message. The receiver’s task is to decode the sender’s verbal and non-verbal symbols, translating these codes back into mental ideas and images. Of course, the decoded message will never be exactly the thought or idea that the speaker intended to convey as the receiver’s perception is dependent on his or her own unique blend of past experiences, attitude beliefs and values. MESSAGE The message in public speaking is the speech itself – both what is said and what is heard. As said earlier, speaker’s intended message may differ from the meaning the audience decodes. If a speaker has trouble finding words to convey his or her ideas, the message suffers right away. And because the listener’s frame of mind may be different from that of the speaker’s, he may interpret what he hears and sees in a manner that was not all what the  speaker intended. In reality, an intended message will differ a little from the actual message perceived by an audience. However, the less distorted the message between the sender and receiver, the more accurate and successful the communication CHANNEL A channel in communication is the means used to communicate. Information can be communicated face-to-face, in writing, or by way of an audio tape or video tape. Note that although it is possible to hold the content of the message constant across channels, different modes or forms of communication will often vary in terms of some of the context factors. For instance, the audience obtains more information about physical and behavioral characteristics of the source from face-to-face or video messages than when the information is presented in written or oral form. The message is usually transmitted from sender via to channels; visual and auditory (or a combination). The audience sees the speaker and decodes his or her non-verbal message – eye contact (or lack of it), facial expressions, posture/gestures and dress. This is the visual channel. The auditory channel, on the other hand, opens as the speaker speaks. Then audience hears his or her words and such vocal cues as inflection, rate and voice quality. FEEDBACK In public speaking, the speaker does most or all the talking. But public speaking is still an interactional process. Remembering the old question of whether a falling tree can make noise if there is no around to hear, we may as well ask whether one can engage in public speaking without an audience to hear and provide feedback. The answer is no, skillful speakers are audience-centered. They depend on the nods, facial expressions, and murmuring of the audience to adjust their rate of speaking, volume, vocabulary, type and amount of supporting materials and other variables in order to maximize the success of their communication. CONTEXT The context of public speaking experience is the environment or situation in which the speech occurs. It includes such elements as time, place and the physical and psychological factors affecting both speaker and listener. As John Donne said, â€Å"No speech is an island†. No speech occurs in a vacuum.  Rather, each speech is a unique blend of circumstances that can never occur in exactly the same conjunction again. For example, if the room is too hot, crowned or poorly lit, these conditions affect both speaker and audience. This audience who hears a speaker at 10.00 in the morning is likely to be fresher and more receptive than the audience who hears the speaker at 4.30 in the afternoon. Likewise, if the speaker is coming down with a cold, this malaise is likely to affect his or her performance. These factors make up the element of public speaking process that e call context. NOISE When variables interfere with the communication of a message, we call them noise. Noise may be literal or external. For example, if your 8.00 am Public speaking class is frequently interrupted by campaigning students or the roar of a lawn mower, it may be difficult to hear a speaker. Noise may also be â€Å"Internal†, a term that refers to some of the other factors we have discussed. An internal noise may affect either the source or the receiver. For example, a speaker’s bad cold may cloud his or her memory or subdue a usually enthusiastic delivery. An audience member who is worried about an examination later in the day is unlikely to remember what speaker says. Just before lunch, they may also be too hungry to pay much attention. All these factors interfere with the transmission of a message from sender to receiver. 1. GETTING STARTED A. SELECT AND LIMIT THE TOPIC Choosing a topic for a speech can be a problem. However, there are two methods by which you can choose a speech topic. i. The first is brainstorming which involves thinking of as many topics as you can in a limited time so that you can select one topic that will be appropriate for your audience. First, give yourself a limited time. Get a list of a number of possible topics for yourself. Next, pick about three of the topics which have the most appeal. Then you choose the most appropriate of the three topics. ii. The other methods of selection are personal inventories where you conduct personal inventory of your reading and viewing habits. Thus, a topic can be chosen from books you read, films you watch, etc, For instance, your personal inventory of newspapers, periodicals, television, talents, hobbies etc. B. TEST THE TOPIC After you choose the topic, ask yourself three questions. i. First, whether the topic is appropriate for the audience. To know this, ask whether you can speak about it on a level the audience can understand. Does the audience need technical or specialized knowledge? Do they have enough background knowledge to understand the subject? Answers these questions will help determine the appropriateness of your topic. ii. Second, is the topic appropriate for you? Can you get involved in it, and is it interesting enough to motivate you to do the necessary research? Normally, the best topics come from your own experiences. iii. Besides your audience and interest, you should ask whether the topic is appropriate for the occasion. For instance, an after-dinner speech should be light and not be too long as members of the audience may be full and not be alert. On the other hand, a speech at a seminar will afford you the opportunity to speak on a more complex topic. Another consideration is whether you can fit the speech into the time limit of the occasion . C. NARROW YOUR TOPIC One mistake that beginners make is that they try to cover a broad topic resulting in a superficial treatment of the topic. The result is that the speech will not be meaningful. To narrow a topic, you must find a specific aspect of a subject that will best meet the time restrains and other demands of the speaking situation. Example i. Health issues in third-world countries ii. Infant mortality in third-world countries iii. Infant formula(as against breast-feeding) in third-world countries iv. How infant formula affects health in third- world countries. D. SELECTING A PURPOSE After selecting and narrowing your topic. You need to decide on both the general and specific purpose. You can speak to inform, persuade, or  entertain. But sometimes these overlap to some extent. i. General Purpose Speaking to inform is the primary objective of class lectures, seminars, workshops, etc. When you inform, you teach, define, illustrate, clarify or elaborate on a topic. In informative speeches, speakers do not take sides when the subject is controversial. The informative speaker will present all sides to an issue and let members of the audience make up their minds. In a persuasive speech, however, the speaker takes a particular stance and tries to get the audience to accept and support that stance. Persuasion is a process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, value or behaviour. To be persuasive, you need to be sensitive to your audience’s attitude towards your and your topic. Sermons, political speeches, students’ campaign speeches, sales presentations, etc. are examples of persuasive speeches. ii. Specific Purpose The Statement of a specific purpose will help you focus on what you want to accomplish. It will help you define what you are going to inform or persuade you audience about. Your specific purpose should be a fine-tuned, audience-centered goal that should follow the following guidelines. 1. State your purpose clearly and completely. To explain to the audience members how to stay physically fit. To persuade audience members not to buy products from advertisers who use sexist language. 2. State your purpose in terms of the effects you want to have on your audience. In an informative speech, you may want your audience to restate an idea, identify, describe or illustrate something. However, in a persuasive speech, you may your audience to take classes, buy something, or vote for someone. To inform my audience about how they can improve their study habits. To persuade my audience to donate blood to the Ghana Red Cross. 3. Limit your purpose statement to one idea. This will help you narrow your topic and keep it specific. 4. Use specific language in your purpose of  statement The more precise your language, the clearer the language will be in their minds. To persuade my audience to fight crime is too vague a topic. By crime, do you mean drugs, rape, kidnapping, murder, or what? You could rephrase your purpose this way: To persuade my audience that everyone can help curb armed robbery. 5. Develop your central idea While your statement of specific purpose indicates what you want your audience to do when you have finished your speech, your central idea statement (Thesis statement) identifies the essence of your message. Example: Specific Purpose: to inform my audience about how to make sure their drinking water is safe. Central Idea: People can do three things to ensure that their drinking water is safe. 1. Purchase an activated – carbon filter 2. Have it tested 3. Reduce exposure to bacteria by disinfecting product E. ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING THE SPEECH As a wise person once said, if effort is organized, accomplishment follows. While generating ideas for your speech, you actually begin the task of organizing your message. After additional research, you need to develop an outline of your talk. A clearly and logically structured speech helps your audience remember what you say and also help you to feel more in control of your speech and greater control will help you feel more comfortable while delivering your speech. Every speech has three main parts: the instruction, the body and the conclusion. Since an introduction previews a speech and the conclusion summarizes it, most teachers recommend that students prepare their  introductions and conclusions after they have organized the body of the talk. We will therefore discuss the introduction and conclusion later. Purpose of the introduction Within a few seconds of meeting a person, you form a first impression that is often quite lasting. So too, do you form a first impression of a speaker and his message within the opening seconds of the speech. The introduction may convince you to listen to a credible speaker presenting a well prepared speech or may send the message that the speaker is ill-prepared and the message not worth your time. To say that the introduction should be well planned is an understatement, considering the fact it is very important and yet very brief. An introduction serves the following functions: A key purpose of the speech introduction is to gain favorable attention for your speech. Because listeners from their first impression often speech quickly, if the introduction does not capture their attention and cast the speech in a favorable light, the rest of the speech may be wasted on the audience. After capturing the audience’s attention and introducing the subject, you have to give the audience some reason to want to listen to the rest of your speech. You can do this by showing them how the topic affects them directly.  Perhaps, the most obvious purpose of the introduction is to introduce the subject of the speech. Within a few seconds after you begin your speech, the audience should have a good idea of what you are going to talk about. The best way to do this is to include statement of your central idea in the introduction. Purpose of Conclusion Your introduction creates an important first impression: your conclusion leaves an equally important final impression. Long after you have finished speaking, your audience is likely to remember the effect, if not the content of your closing remarks. There are a number of purposes of an effective conclusion: One purpose of the conclusion is to summarize the speech. A conclusion is s speaker’s last chance to repeat his or her main ideas to the audience. Another purpose of the speech conclusion is to reemphasize the main ideas in a memorable way. The conclusions of a number of speeches are among the most memorable statements we have. Also, motivation is a necessary component of an effective conclusion: not motivation to listen, but motivation to respond in some way. If your speech in informative, you want your audience to think about the topic or research it further. If your speech is persuasive, you may want your audience to take some sort of appropriate action-buy a product, make a phone call, or get involved in a cause. The conclusion is your last chance to motivate your audience to respond to your message. The most obvious purpose of the conclusion is to let audience know that the speech has ended. Speeches have to â€Å"sound finished† Principles of organization You must try as much as possible to relate the points you make in your speech directly to your specific purpose and central idea. In the speech, the challenge to excel, notice how all the main points are related to the purpose and central idea. Specific Purpose. To inform my classmates about the four things required to excel. Central Idea: No matter what people’s abilities are, there are four things they can do to excel. Main ideas: 1. Learn self –discipline. 2. Build a knowledge base. 3. Develop special skills. 4. Bounce back from defeat. i. Give points a parallel structure Parallel structure means that each of your points will begin with the same grammatical form. Example, on a speech about ways to loose weight, this speaker started each suggestion with a verb: Exercise at least three times a week Eat low-fat, high energy snacks like fruits. Count your daily intake. Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the United States should act now to protect its citizens against electronic invasions of their personal privacy. Central Idea: The loss of personal privacy in our electronic society is a serious problem that requires decisive action. Introduction Attention: (i) Would you let a perfect stranger examine your medical files, peek at your personal finances, eavesdrop on your phone calls, or invade other aspects of your personal life? (ii) Yet all of these are happening as a result  of privacy invading technology by business and government agencies. (iii) The erosion of personal privacy has become one of the most serious problems facing Americans in our high-tech, electronic age. (iv) Today I would like to explain the extent of this problem and encourage you to support a solution to it. Body Need: (i). The use of electronic data gathering by business and government poses a serious threat to personal privacy. A. Business and government agencies have compiled massive   amounts of information on the personal lives of most Americans. B. There are few laws protecting Americans against the gathering or misuse of personal information by businesses and government agencies. Satisfaction: (ii) The problem could be greatly reduced by the passage of federal privacy laws. A. These laws should impose strict controls on the collection of personal information by businesses and government agencies. B. These laws should also include stiff penalties on anyone who uses personal information for unauthorized purpose. Visualisation: (iii) Similarities laws have worked in other counties and can work in the United States. A. The practicality of privacy laws has been demonstrated by their success in almost all the countries of Western Europe. B. If the U.S had such laws, you would once again have control over your medical files, financial records, and other kinds of personal information. Conclusion Action: (i) So I urge you to support privacy legislation by signing the petition I am passing around to be sent to our state’s U.S Senators and Representatives. (ii) As Congressman Jack Fields has stated, â€Å"This is not a Democratic or Republican issue†¦ Privacy is a basic human right.† Try using the motivated sequence when you seek immediate action from your listeners. Over the years it has worked for countless speakers – and it can work for you as well. PATTERNS OF ORGANISATION There are different ways by which you can arrange the main points of your speech. Your choice will depend on what best suits your materials. These patterns include time or chronological order, spatial order, cause and effect order, problem- solution order, and topical order. Time Order This is used to show development over time. This pattern works well when you are using a historical approach. It is often used to explain a process and this process could be anything ranging from how to wrap a gift to how to apply for a student’s loan. Spatial Order This is approach refers to the physical or geographical layout to help your audience see how the parts makes up the whole. To help your audience visualize subject, you explain it by going from left to right or form top to bottom, or any direction that best suits your subject. Example Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the layout of K’dua Poly campus Central Idea : The campus is laid out logically as a series of concentric (having a common centre) circles. Main Points : I. Parking and athletic complexes occupy the outermost circles. II. The hostels, fraternities and sororities occupy the next concentric circle. III. Next to the centre circle are the library, the student union and the classroom buildings. IV. The administrative offices occupy the centre circle of campus. The spatial order works particular well when the speech focuses on a chart or a diagram. When using the visual aid, the speaker naturally moves from top to bottom or from left to right. Example: Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about who make decisions on campus. Central Idea: Campus business is divided into branches: the administrative branch and the academic branch. Main Point: I. The Principal is the chief administrative officer of the polytechnic and the main spokesman for the polytechnic community. II. The academic vice principal is responsible for everything that concerns classes, such as curriculum and faculty. III. The administrative vice principal is responsible for everything that concerns classes, such as curriculum and faculty. Causes – Effect order With this pattern, the speaker divides the speech into: causes (Why something  is happening), and effect (what impact it is has). Example Specific purpose: To inform my audience on why smart people sometimes fail. Central Idea : Smart people sometimes do things that lead to failure. Main Point: I. Smart people are defined as those with high IQs. II. Causes for their failure include ignorance, isolation, recklessness, and over reaching. III. Failure (effects) includes loss of high paying profile jobs, public humiliation, loss of opportunity, and even loss of fortunes. When you are using this approach, you do not always have to begin with a cause and end with an effect. In the above example, the speaker could have reversed points II and III and first use examples of some of the possible effects of high. I Q. and them continue with the causes. The important thing is to begin with the aspect most likely to capture the audience’s attention. iv. Problem –Solution Order The problem –Solution order, like the cause – effect order, divides as speech into two sections. One pat deals with the problem and the other part, with the solution. Example Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that American schools need to teach students more about the third world. Central Idea: Americans must know about the third world because what happens in those countries affect American lives. Main Point: I. Most Americans have negative impressions of the third world from the mass media. II. Most Americans are ignorant of the impressions of the impact that the third world has on American Trade. III. Most Americans do not know how the third world influences  political decision making among the super powers. IV. American teachers and curriculum planners must add materials   about the third world materials about the third world to the school curriculum. V. Textbook publishers should add third world materials. Topical Order: When your speech does not fit into any of the patterns described so far, you may use the topical pattern of organization. This pattern can be used whenever your subject can be grouped logically into sub topics. Examples – Four ways to overcome snoring – Five types of food that will help you live longer, four ways to save money for school, what can be done to protect natural resources, etc. Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that everyone can contribute to conserving natural resources. Central Ideal: Conservation means practicing the four R’s of reduce, re-use, repair nad recycle. Main Points: I. Reduce consumption and waste. II. Reuse what can be reused. III. Repair what can be fixed. IV. Recycle what can be recycled. THE PERSUASIVE SPEECH Persuasion is the process of trying to get others to change their attitudes or behaviour. All of us are trying to persuade one way or the other. The government bombards us with messages intended to foster patriotism and hard work. Sermons from churches and mosques enjoin us against selfishness, corruption, and other social vices, etc. Obviously, not all persuasive speeches work. We ignore many of the messages aimed at use and are unmoved by most. One may ask, what then make a speech persuasive? Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, attributed the persuasive impact of a message to three major factors: ethos (communicator characteristics), Pathos (Emotional nature of  audience), and Logos (message features). SOURCE FACTORS Until recently many psychologists believed that the most crucial characteristic of an effective speaker was his prestige. In other words, it was believed that any speaker who possesses prestige could cause the audience to submit to his message regardless of the logicality or illogicality of the message. Recent studies by social psychologists suggest that though prestige is necessary, it is not a sufficient factor in persuasive communication. Research indicates the following speaker characteristics for an effective speech. Credibility The primary characteristic of the speaker has been found to be â€Å"Credibility† or â€Å"believability†, A speech has greater persuasive effect if the speaker is perceived to be credible or â€Å"believable†. In order words, for a message to be persuasive, the speaker must be credible. Here, credibility means expertness and trustworthiness. Expertness of the speaker (source) refers to the extent to which the audience believes that the speaker is capable of transmitting valid statements on the issue under consideration. Put simply, expertness refers to the degree to which the speaker is perceived by the audience to possess comprehensive knowledge on the subject matter. Thus, speakers who present an impressive amount of evidence, show insight into all aspects of the issue are usually perceived by audiences as experts or competent in area in areas they are dealing with, thereby inspiring greater credibility in their audience. Though members of an audience are inclined to believe a message from an expert or knowledgeable source, the impact is even greater if they have reasons to believe that the source is trustworthy. There are two issues to trustworthiness. First a source is less likely to be believed the audience perceived him to have something to gain if his message is accepted. Second, if the source is perceived from the outset to have a defined intention to persuade, it is less likely he will be perceived worthy of trust. Nevertheless, being perceived as having an intention to persuade needs not always decrease the speakers’ effectiveness to persuade his audience. In fact, it can be an asset to persuade. Such frank admission can have disarming effect on the audience. This is because members of the  audience tend to place credence on the remarks of those they regard as sincere and open. Therefore, the speaker who shows himself as honest is more likely to elicit friendly and less hostile responses from the audience. It is combined value of the speaker’s expertise on an issue and his trustworthiness that we refer to as credibility. Confidence The speaker who seems to be in command of himself inspires confidence. Members of the audience tend to believe in speakers who deliver their message in a more confident tone than those who do it in tentative way. For instance, speakers who present their arguments prefaced with statements like obviously, speakers, who present their arguments prefaced with statement like obviously, in fact, certainly, etc. are more effective than those who present their arguments with expression like I don’t know; I am not positive, etc. Also the effective speaker does not become unsettled when the audience become hostile, or when reacting to hostile questions from the audience. Tact Our attempt to persuade others often fails because we do so in a tactless manner. Tact is the ability of what to say and how to say what you want to say without giving offence. In persuasion, tact means disagreeing without scolding, enlightening without insulting their intelligence. Persuasion without tact breeds alienation. Moderation Temperance and restraint are crucial ingredients in persuasive communication. Speakers who indulge in personal abuse, overstatement, and inappropriate emotional displays tend to turn off their audience. They may even induce in the audience psychological resistance to the idea they are trying to promote. Friendliness It is very important for a speaker to be friendly towards an audience. Where the audience is hostile, goodwill is important. The speaker or source that shows a good disposition towards the audience clears one of the obstacles to  persuasion even though he and the audience may disagree on certain points. Similarity/Identity (e.g. Familiar Language) It is often difficult to identify with someone whose past and present experiences are so different from your own. How can you see the historical significance of polygamy if you are, for instance a European, or understand the rational for divestiture of national assets if you are a socialist? In fact, a true meeting of the mind is enhanced when a speaker is similar to the audience in terms of ethnicity, sex, age, socio-economic status, educational background, current living conditions, political ideology, etc. Such a speaker is more likely to be perceived as more credible, and hence is more likely to have greater impact on his audience. Non-verbal elements Many worthwhile ideas go unheeded because they are ineptly presented. The audience because of misleading cues in the speaker’s non-verbal language misconstrues some ideas. For instance, a speaker may say one thing while the sound of this voice and facial expression tell the audience something else. Imperfections in communication occur when the non-verbal elements in the communication are not supportive of the verbal elements. Also, non-verbal elements convey to the audience more about the speaker than he realizes. Physical appearance All of us tend to make generalization about people’s personality, attitudes, and look from the clothes they wear the objects they keep on their persons (e.g. Jewelry) and their grooming, generally. We give them names according to what they wear, etc. Such generalizations are often made about speakers even before they begin to deliver their speech. We are not so much concerned about the validity of these generalizations by the audience. However, what every speaker must know is that inappropriate dress and grooming can be destructive in persuasive communication. Ironically, it is not possible to prescribe a universally acceptable dress for all speakers on all occasion. The real test is that appropriate appearance and grooming should be suitable for the speaker’s purpose, his audience expectations, and the occasion. Facial expression and eye behavior Another important aspect of non-verbal communication is facial expression. The speaker’s facial expression conveys to the audience, his attitude towards himself, the subject matter, and the audience. It can tell the audience whether he is sincerely motivated in his assertions or his animations are feigned. The inference an audience makes from the speaker’s facial expression can affect this trustworthiness and hence his credibility. Subtle nuances in facial expression can make a world of difference in perceived meaning. Such variables like amount and rate of dilation of the pupil or one’s eye blink rate can communicate a great deal of information. The key facial expressions used to convey information include raising or dropping the eyebrows, smiling or frowning, knitting or relaxing the forehead, closing or widening the open eye, wrinkling the nose, pursing the lips, baring the teeth, dropping the jaw, etc. Eye behaviour also performs a persuasion function. We rate speakers who maintain eye contact as credible and we suspect those whose gaze is continually shifting about. If people avert their eyes when talking to us, we assume that they are either shy or are hiding something from us. Bodily communication This has dimensions including physical movements of the body like gestures, the way one holds one’s body (tense or relaxed posture), tilting or nodding the head, clenching one’s first, having ones arms akimbo on the waist, etc. These bodily movements can indicate arrogance, anger, degree of commitment, or determination, etc. Imagine a speaker trying to present a conciliatory message while standing in the ‘drill-sergeant’ position (feet planted widely apart as though he were issuing orders to his subordinates. This posture conveys defiance, which is incompatible with the conciliatory message. It is therefore important to note that a speaker’s body language should be compatible with the verbal message being uttered. Since body language conveys meaning, it can be an asset or a liability. It is however an asset only when it directs the audience’s attention to the verbal message being communicated, and also when it actually transmits a meaning which intensifies the meaning of the verbal message. It should be emphasized  that the absence of movement, that static state, is also a conveyer of meaning. In such a situation, parts of the verbal message will actually be lost due to the suppression of bodily action. Vocalic communication The other none-verbal element in speaker’s communication behaviour is aural. The voice of the speaker does more than rendering ideas into audible form. The pitch of the voice, its loudness or quality and the rate of delivery, convey various shades of meaning to the audience. The controllable elements of the voice also act as factors of attention. In fact, not only does the voice affects meaning and attention, but also transmits an impression of the speaker as a person to the audience. For example, a speech delivered in a weak voice may convey to the audience the speaker’s lack of courage and vigour. In effect, the public speaker must know that he is judged not only by words spoken, but also by the meaning the audience attaches to the sound of the voice that carries those words. Artifactual Communication People decorate their homes and work places with artifacts to symbolize their sense of self. Our culture has taught us to react in certain ways to the artifacts of others. It is important to note that these patterns of responses form the premises of persuasion and therefore we interpret artifacts that surround persuaders in message situations according to the dictates of our culture. Therefore, the banners, the bunting, insignias in a speech situation, all contribute to the success (or failure) of a persuasive attempt. Another type of artifact is clothing. What people wear send signals about what they believe in and what they stand for. However, these Artifactual messages, as said earlier, vary from culture to culture and can make a world of difference between a successful and an unsuccessful persuasion. Tactical communication A very important non-verbal message carrier is the way and degree to which people touch one another. Generally, there are gender related differences in the use of touch. Women are more likely to use touch to communicate than are  men. In fact, the average woman torches someone else about twelve times a day, with the average man touching someone only eight times a day. In terms of persuasion, research shows that persuaders who touch are the most successful persuaders. Touch seems to be a good way to convey social kind of emotional feeling like empathy, warmth, and reassurance. It is however important to note some touches are taboo. For instance, some parts of the body are ‘off limits’ to public touch. Therefore, a persuader who is too ‘touchy’ with persons around him is likely to offend not only the person touched, but also, persons observing the touch. Credibility can be drastically undermined if persuaders misread a relationship and respond inappropriately if a speaker touches in a way that is not appropriate. THE AUDIENCE FACTORS If it the aim of the speech is to change the views, attitudes, and behaviours of an audience, then it is important that the speaker places particular emphasis on knowing the audience. In a very practical sense, it means the speaker finding out all he can about the people he will be speaking to. It is indeed, probable that the majority of failures in persuasive attempts can be traced to insufficient or inaccurate ‘ analyses’ or ‘targeting’ of those intended to be influenced. Only by seeing things from the audiences’ point of view can we deal directly and effectively with our audiences. In reality, the group of individuals that a speaker tries to influence is his audience. Therefore, for the speaker to know the audience, he must locate the common characteristics of the members of the audience and strategize the message accordingly. Research in this area suggests that there are several common characteristics about the audience and these include the follo wing. Initial attitude of the audience towards subject matter The initial position of the members of the audience is crucial in bringing about opinion change. The more extreme the initial position of the audience from that of the speaker, the greater the latitude of rejection of the speaker’s message. In effect, maximum attitude change can be effected when the audience does not hold an extreme attitude position. However, with an audience that is hostile to the point of view espoused by the speaker, media experts suggest that the strategy is for the speaker to start with those  points on which he agrees with the audience. This strategy may be effective for two reasons. a. Agreeing with hostile audience from the start has a disarming effect and prevents heckling and outbursts that characterize hostile audience. b. Agreeing with audience at the outset can enhance the speaker’s trustworthiness with the audience, and may be perceived â€Å"fair† â€Å"objective† and non-opinionated. Audience beliefs. Another characteristic of the audience which can affect their persuasibility is their belief or current thinking about the issue under consideration. For instance, consider the national campaign on the judicious use of electricity due to the low level of water in the Akosombo Dam. Many people initially ignored the warnings or were simply unmoved by them. They did not believe that the Dm would ever dry up. It was not until the Volta River Authority (V.R.A) began issuing daily news on the water level-maximum and minimum operating levels that many people took them seriously. Also, some people do not just believe that AIDS is real and so there is little chance they could be persuaded to use condoms. It is evident that the beliefs people hold on issues can be a powerful deterrent to persuasion. It would therefore be a folly to try to convince people that you have the best solution when they don’t believe that a problem exists. Finding out an audience’s beliefs also involves seeking clarification on how the audience conceptualizes or defines the issue at stake. For example, as a speaker, you want to persuade an audience that Neoplan Buses are better than Tata Buses. You will have to find out first, how your audience defines a â€Å"better bus†. Does â€Å"better† here, means durability? Does it mean cost effective? Are Neoplan Busses better because they are sleek and comfortable? Unless you discover the criteria, and in fact, the priority of the criteria your audience uses, you may be wasting your time in persuading them. You may have to convince the audience that though â€Å"sleekness† and â€Å"comfortability† are intended criteria for measuring a â€Å"better† bus, these are not the only criteria or necessarily the most important ones. You may try to convince them that â€Å"durability and â€Å"petrol consumption† the most important. In trying to win an audience, it is  advisable to discover the criteria by which they measure the â€Å"truth† of the fact in question, and also, the priority if the criteria. THE SURVIVORS â€Å"Work! Harder. Faster. Shovel! Don’t just stand there. Shovel!† And so he shoveled with all his energy and all of his might. Hour after hour, he shoveled until his body could not shovel any more. Finally, he stopped working, learned over on his shovel, and let his body limply rest, as his eyes stared at the ground. The commander looked his way and hollered in a low penetrating voice, â€Å"Shovel†! But the man did not move. The commander lifted his gun, loaded it with ammunition, and shot him. The man released his hands from the shovel and fell to the ground. He murmured his last words, â€Å"How could this happen?† The commander walked over, lifted his heel, and kicked the man into the mass grave, which he had been digging. One more Jew was removed from the world. He was one of 6 million who were brought to their death by the Nazi policy to annihilate the Jewish race. The Nazis collected the Jews in the ghettos; they transported the Jews to the death camps; they worked the Jews until they could not work any more. Then they killed them – by gun and by gas, by starvation and sickness, by torture and terror. Millions of Jews died in the death camps of Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Dachau, and Treblinka. It seems unfathomable that people could have survived the Nazis’ wartime atrocities. Yet, by the grace of God, there were survivors. The survivors were the young and the strong, not the old and the meek. The survivors were the lucky and the few. My grandparents are Holocaust survivors. They are each the only survivors in their families. They witnessed the death of their mothers and fathers, brothers and sister, friends and neighbours. They witnessed the destruction of their lives and homes, towns and country, shops and synagogues. They lived through the death camps. They lived through the excruciating work. They lived to see liberation. Since I was a little girl, my grandparents have told me about their lives during the Holocaust. They have told me about the persecution, the intolerance, and the injustices so that I could appreciate my freedom, my liberty, and my independence. It has  always amazed me that my grandparents don’t have spite or malice. After all they suffered, they have only hope and love. They don’t want to hate any more. During World War II, my grandparents were victims of anti-Semitism. Fifty years later, they are victims no longer. Today they fight against the â€Å"isms† which plague our communities, our states, our nation, and our world. They tell their story so that we, the younger generation, will understand the horrific force which anti-Semitism was in their lives. They relate their experiences to the struggles which so many people grapple with today. They will tell their story, and they will not rest until all people can live without fear and without denial, until all people can live with pride and with dignity. And when my grandparents are gone, I will continue to tell their story. I will tell my children about the men and women who were murdered for no cause. I will tell my children about the heroism of the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto who fought strength for strength against the Nazi militia. I will tell these stories to all who will listen. And I hope that you, too, will tell stories. As the Holocaust survivor and writer Elie Wiesel, once said, â€Å"Not to transmit an experience is to betray it† To the millions who died in the Holocaust, lie peacefully in your graves, for you have not been forgotten. To the survivors of the Holocaust, rest assured that we have listened to your stories. We have learned by your examples and we, too, will fight for freedom and peace. May no person around the globe again fall to his or her death murmuring, â€Å"How could this happen?†